Which of the following is a common complication of uncontrolled hypertension?

Chronic kidney disease frequently develops as a consequence of uncontrolled hypertension due to the detrimental effects elevated blood pressure can have on the renal vasculature. Sustained high blood pressure damages the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to decreased blood flow, reduced filtration capacity, and eventual kidney dysfunction. Over time, this can progress to chronic kidney disease, characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function and the necessity for interventions such as dialysis or kidney transplantation in severe cases.

The other options listed do not have a direct causal relationship with uncontrolled hypertension. While diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for developing hypertension, it is not a common complication arising from it. Similarly, anemia can result from various conditions, including chronic kidney disease, but it is not a direct complication of high blood pressure itself. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, primarily a respiratory condition associated with smoking and environmental factors, is also unrelated to the complications of hypertension.